{"id":3186,"date":"2026-02-26T05:20:47","date_gmt":"2026-02-26T05:20:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/renewasoft.com.tr\/?p=3186"},"modified":"2026-03-01T15:34:26","modified_gmt":"2026-03-01T15:34:26","slug":"gercek-zamanli-izleme-scadada-alarm-uretimi-nasil-tasarlanir-esik-trend-ve-anomali-yaklasimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/renewasoft.com.tr\/index.php\/tr\/2026\/02\/26\/gercek-zamanli-izleme-scadada-alarm-uretimi-nasil-tasarlanir-esik-trend-ve-anomali-yaklasimi\/","title":{"rendered":"Ger\u00e7ek Zamanl\u0131 \u0130zleme: SCADA\u2019da Alarm \u00dcretimi Nas\u0131l Tasarlan\u0131r? (E\u015fik, Trend ve Anomali Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131)"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]Ger\u00e7ek Zamanl\u0131 \u0130zleme: SCADA\u2019da Alarm \u00dcretimi Nas\u0131l Tasarlan\u0131r? (E\u015fik, Trend ve Anomali Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Enerji tesislerinde (\u00f6zellikle HES\u2019lerde) ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 izleme dendi\u011finde, \u00e7o\u011fu ekip \u00f6nce \u201cekranda veri ak\u0131yor mu?\u201d sorusunu sorar. Oysa operasyonel de\u011fer, verinin akmas\u0131ndan de\u011fil; operat\u00f6r\u00fcn do\u011fru anda do\u011fru \u015feyi g\u00f6rmesinden do\u011far. Bu da alarm tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, yani \u201changi ko\u015fulda neyi alarm sayaca\u011f\u0131z ve nas\u0131l sunaca\u011f\u0131z?\u201d sorusunu merkeze ta\u015f\u0131r. \u0130yi tasarlanmam\u0131\u015f bir alarm sistemi; alarm seli (alarm flood), alarm yorgunlu\u011fu ve gereksiz m\u00fcdahale ile g\u00fcvenlik ve \u00fcretim riskini b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcr. Standartlar da bu nedenle alarm y\u00f6netimini \u201ckonfig\u00fcrasyon i\u015fi\u201d de\u011fil, ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc (lifecycle) olan bir m\u00fchendislik disiplini olarak ele al\u0131r [1][2].<\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131da SCADA alarm \u00fcretimini \u00fc\u00e7 temel yakla\u015f\u0131mla (e\u015fik, trend ve anomali) b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl \u015fekilde ele alaca\u011f\u0131z; HES ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u00f6rnek bir senaryo ile kural seti tasarlayaca\u011f\u0131z; ard\u0131ndan Hydrowise\/Renewasoft perspektifinde \u201csahada \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r\u201d bir uygulama mimarisine ba\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

TL;DR<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Alarm tasar\u0131m\u0131 bir \u201climit koyma\u201d i\u015fi de\u011fil; felsefe, rasyonalizasyon, KPI izleme ve de\u011fi\u015fiklik y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7eren ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr [1][2].<\/li>\n
  2. E\u015fik alarmlar\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131d\u0131r ama tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli de\u011fildir: deadband, gecikme, \u00f6ncelik ve ba\u011flam yoksa yanl\u0131\u015f alarmlar artar [2].<\/li>\n
  3. Trend\/derivative alarmlar\u0131 yakla\u015fan ar\u0131zay\u0131 erken yakalar; operat\u00f6r i\u00e7in \u201cdaha erken, daha sakin m\u00fcdahale\u201d sa\u011flar.<\/li>\n
  4. Anomali tespiti (istatistiksel\/ML) \u201cbilinmeyen bilinmeyenleri\u201d yakalar; ancak model drift, a\u00e7\u0131klanabilirlik ve yanl\u0131\u015f pozitif y\u00f6netimi \u015fartt\u0131r [3][4].<\/li>\n
  5. Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m: alarm KPI\u2019lar\u0131yla (alarmlar\/saat, sel tan\u0131m\u0131 vb.) \u00f6l\u00e7, rasyonalize et, test et, sonra \u00fcretime al; HMI\/operat\u00f6r ergonomisini de ISA-101 gibi rehberlerle destekle [5][6].<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Kavramlar ve Arka Plan<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

    Alarm, olay (event) ve bildirim (notification) ayr\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    SCADA ekran\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnen her \u015fey \u201calarm\u201d de\u011fildir. Pratik bir ayr\u0131m:<\/p>\n

    – Event (Olay): S\u00fcre\u00e7te bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik kayd\u0131. Operat\u00f6r\u00fcn aksiyon almas\u0131 gerekmeyebilir.<\/p>\n

    – Alarm: Operat\u00f6r\u00fcn tan\u0131ml\u0131 bir zaman penceresinde aksiyon almas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiren, \u00f6nceliklendirilmi\u015f ve do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f uyar\u0131.<\/p>\n

    – Notification\/Bildirim: Bilgi ama\u00e7l\u0131 hat\u0131rlatmalar, bak\u0131m \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 vb.<\/p>\n

    IEC 62682 ve ISA-18.2 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, alarm\u0131 \u201coperat\u00f6r eylemi gerektiren\u201d bir unsur olarak ele al\u0131r ve ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc boyunca bu niteli\u011fin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 ister [1][2]. Alarm\u0131 \u201cher limit a\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlamak, alarm\u0131 de\u011fersizle\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n

    Alarm ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc ve \u201calarm felsefesi\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

    ISA-18.2\/IEC 62682 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde alarm y\u00f6netimi; alarm felsefesinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131, alarm adaylar\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7imi, rasyonalizasyon, detay tasar\u0131m, uygulama, i\u015fletim\/bak\u0131m, performans izleme, de\u011fi\u015fiklik y\u00f6netimi ve denetim ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir [2][1]. Buradaki kritik nokta \u015fudur: Alarm y\u00f6netimi, bir kez yap\u0131l\u0131p b\u0131rak\u0131lan bir proje de\u011fil; ya\u015fayan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir.<\/p>\n

    \u201cAlarm felsefesi\u201d dok\u00fcman\u0131; ama\u00e7lar\u0131 (g\u00fcvenlik, \u00e7evre, ekipman, \u00fcretim), \u00f6ncelik mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmay\u0131, alarm renk\/etiket standartlar\u0131n\u0131, \u201ckim ne zaman ne yapar\u201d sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131, test prosed\u00fcrlerini ve KPI hedeflerini tan\u0131mlar [2].<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Alarm seli (alarm flood) ve KPI\u2019lar<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Alarm seli; operat\u00f6r\u00fcn kapasitesini a\u015fan h\u0131zda alarm \u00fcretimiyle, do\u011fru m\u00fcdahalenin gecikmesine yol a\u00e7an bir durumdur. EEMUA 191 ve sekt\u00f6rel uygulamalar, sel ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir metriklerle tan\u0131mlamay\u0131 \u00f6nerir (\u00f6r. 10 dakikada 10\u2019dan fazla yeni alarm gibi e\u015fikler) [7]. ISA-18.2\u2019de de performans izleme ve KPI\u2019lar vurgulan\u0131r [6].<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    Bu yaz\u0131 boyunca kullanaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00f6rnek KPI\u2019lar:<\/p>\n

    – Ortalama alarm h\u0131z\u0131 (alarmlar\/saat)<\/p>\n

    – En g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc ilk 20 alarm (\u201cbad actor alarms\u201d)<\/p>\n

    – Alarm seli say\u0131s\u0131 ve s\u00fcreleri<\/p>\n

    – Onay\/ack gecikmesi ve operat\u00f6r i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fc g\u00f6stergeleri (proses\/insan fakt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, alarm y\u00f6netiminin i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc etkiledi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir) [8]<\/p>\n

    Nas\u0131l \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r? Alarm \u00dcretiminin 3 Temel Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

    1) E\u015fik (threshold) tabanl\u0131 alarm<\/strong><\/p>\n

    En yayg\u0131n y\u00f6ntem, proses de\u011fi\u015fkeni PV\u2019nin belirli limitleri a\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r: HH\/H\/L\/LL. Ancak pratikte do\u011fru tasar\u0131m i\u00e7in \u015fu \u201cmikro-ayarlar\u201d kritiktir:<\/p>\n

    – Deadband (histerezis): S\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7evresinde titre\u015fen alarmlar\u0131 azalt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    – On-delay \/ Off-delay: K\u0131sa s\u00fcreli spike\u2019lar\u0131 filtreler; \u201cger\u00e7ek\u201d sorunlar\u0131 ay\u0131r\u0131r [9].<\/p>\n

    – Setpoint dinamikli\u011fi: Sabit limitler yerine i\u015fletme durumuna ba\u011fl\u0131 limitler (duruma ba\u011fl\u0131 alarm\/state-based) (\u00f6r. t\u00fcrbin devreye alma, kapak hareketi, bak\u0131m modu).<\/p>\n

    – \u00d6nceliklendirme: G\u00fcvenlik\/ekipman\/\u00fcretim etkisi ve zaman kritikli\u011fine g\u00f6re.<\/p>\n

    Neden tek ba\u015f\u0131na yetmez? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc e\u015fik, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u201csonu\u00e7\u201du yakalar. Bir rulman \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 HH\u2019e geldi\u011finde, ar\u0131za zaten yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; trend yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 daha erken sinyal verir.<\/p>\n

    2) Trend (rate-of-change \/ deviation) tabanl\u0131 alarm<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Trend alarmlar\u0131, PV\u2019nin de\u011fi\u015fim h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 (d\/dt) ya da referans davran\u0131\u015ftan sapmas\u0131n\u0131 alarm ko\u015fulu yapar. \u00d6rnek:<\/p>\n

    – \u201cKapak a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 %2 artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde debi artm\u0131yor\u201d (verim kayb\u0131 \/ t\u0131kanma ihtimali)<\/p>\n

    – \u201cTitre\u015fim RMS 10 dakikada %30 y\u00fckseliyor\u201d (yakla\u015fan mekanik problem)<\/p>\n

    Trend yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 iki fayda sa\u011flar:<\/p>\n

    1) Operat\u00f6re daha erken uyar\u0131: m\u00fcdahale penceresi geni\u015fler.<\/p>\n

    2) Alarm selini azaltma: anl\u0131k spike\u2019lar yerine anlaml\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimi hedefler.<\/p>\n

    Trend tasar\u0131m\u0131nda dikkat edilmesi gerekenler:<\/p>\n

    – \u00d6rnekleme frekans\u0131 ve filtreleme (moving average, median filter)<\/p>\n

    – Sezonluk\/operasyonel rejim de\u011fi\u015fimleri (gece\/g\u00fcnd\u00fcz, y\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimi)<\/p>\n

    – \u201cNormal trend\u201din tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 (k\u0131yas i\u00e7in baz \u00e7izgi)<\/p>\n

    3) Anomali (istatistiksel \/ ML) tabanl\u0131 alarm<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Anomali tespiti, klasik limitlere s\u0131\u011fmayan \u201cal\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k\u201d davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 yakalamay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar. Chandola vd. (2009) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, anomali tespitini teknik kategoriler ve varsay\u0131mlar \u00fczerinden sistematik bi\u00e7imde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131r; en kritik mesaj \u015fudur: Her y\u00f6ntem belirli varsay\u0131mlarla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r; domain\u2019e g\u00f6re uygun y\u00f6ntem se\u00e7ilmelidir [3][4].<\/p>\n

    SCADA\/ICS ba\u011flam\u0131nda anomali tespiti; ekipman ar\u0131zas\u0131, sens\u00f6r hatas\u0131, s\u00fcre\u00e7 sapmas\u0131 veya siber manip\u00fclasyon gibi durumlar\u0131n erken i\u015faretini yakalamada kullan\u0131labilir. G\u00fcncel literat\u00fcrde ICS \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm verileri \u00fczerinden derin \u00f6\u011frenme tabanl\u0131 anomali yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n performans\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmektedir [10]. Ancak \u00fcretim ortam\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131; yaln\u0131zca AUC\/accuracy de\u011fil, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki operasyonel \u015fartlara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    – Yanl\u0131\u015f pozitif maliyeti: Operat\u00f6r g\u00fcveni kaybolursa sistem devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    – Drift ve yeniden e\u011fitim: S\u00fcre\u00e7\/ekipman de\u011fi\u015ftik\u00e7e model kayar (concept drift).<\/p>\n

    – A\u00e7\u0131klanabilirlik: \u201cNeden alarm verdin?\u201d sorusuna makul yan\u0131t.<\/p>\n

    – G\u00fcvenlik entegrasyonu: OT g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in izleme ve kay\u0131t s\u00fcre\u00e7leri (NIST OT g\u00fcvenli\u011fi rehberi) [11].<\/p>\n

    HES\/Enerji Tesisi Taraf\u0131nda Etkisi: Neden Alarm Tasar\u0131m\u0131 \u0130\u015f De\u011feridir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Operat\u00f6r performans\u0131 ve risk<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Alarm seli, operat\u00f6r\u00fcn bili\u015fsel y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131r\u0131r; kritik alarm\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131rma riskini y\u00fckseltir. Alarm y\u00f6netimi ve otomasyonun operat\u00f6r i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fc ve performans\u0131 \u00fczerinde etkisini inceleyen insan-d\u00f6ng\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bu ili\u015fkiyi vurgular [8]. Ayr\u0131ca HMI tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131labilirlik ve performans oda\u011f\u0131yla ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ISA-101 ailesinde de \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar [5].<\/p>\n

    \u00dcretim kayb\u0131, ekipman sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenlik<\/strong><\/p>\n

    HES\u2019te alarm tasar\u0131m\u0131; do\u011frudan \u015fu sonu\u00e7larla ili\u015fkilidir:<\/p>\n

    – Planlanmam\u0131\u015f duru\u015f ve \u00fcretim kayb\u0131 (t\u00fcrbin, jenerat\u00f6r, trafo, kapak\/\u0131zgara sorunlar\u0131)<\/p>\n

    – Su y\u00f6netimi kararlar\u0131 (debi, rezervuar seviyesi, kapak pozisyonu)<\/p>\n

    – \u00c7evresel uyum (minimum can suyu, ta\u015fk\u0131n kontrol\u00fc)<\/p>\n

    – Siber dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k (beklenmedik komut\/\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm sapmalar\u0131)<\/p>\n

    NIST\u2019in OT\/ICS g\u00fcvenli\u011fi rehberleri, izleme-kay\u0131t ve g\u00fcvenlik kontrollerinin OT\u2019nin g\u00fcvenilirlik ve emniyet gereksinimleriyle birlikte ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini vurgular [11]. Alarm sistemi; sadece proses de\u011fil, g\u00fcvenlik perspektifi i\u00e7in de kritik bir \u201cerken uyar\u0131\u201d katman\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u00d6rnek Senaryo: HES\u2019te Alarm Kural Seti Tasar\u0131m\u0131 (Mini Ak\u0131\u015f)<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki senaryoda ama\u00e7: alarm say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmadan erken uyar\u0131 \u00fcretmek ve \u201coperat\u00f6r aksiyonu\u201dnu netle\u015ftirmek.<\/p>\n

    Senaryo<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Bir HES\u2019te t\u00fcrbin \u00fcnitesinde \u015fu telemetri toplan\u0131yor:<\/p>\n

    – Aktif g\u00fc\u00e7 (kW\/MW)<\/p>\n

    – Debi (m\u00b3\/s)<\/p>\n

    – Kapak\/kanat a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 (%)<\/p>\n

    – Jenerat\u00f6r yatak s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (\u00b0C)<\/p>\n

    – Titre\u015fim (RMS mm\/s)<\/p>\n

    – Ya\u011f bas\u0131nc\u0131 (bar)<\/p>\n

    – \u015eebeke frekans\u0131 (Hz)<\/p>\n

    Hedef<\/p>\n

    1) \u201cAnl\u0131k e\u015fik\u201d alarmlar\u0131n\u0131 minimumda tutmak<\/p>\n

    2) Trend ile erken uyar\u0131<\/p>\n

    3) Anomali ile karma\u015f\u0131k sapmalar\u0131 yakalamak<\/p>\n

    4) Alarm selinde otomatik bast\u0131rma\/\u00f6zetleme (suppression\/shelving) kurallar\u0131<\/p>\n

    Ad\u0131m ad\u0131m tasar\u0131m (ISA-18.2 \/ IEC 62682 uyumlu yakla\u015f\u0131m)<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Ad\u0131m 1 \u2014 Alarm felsefesi ve s\u0131n\u0131flar<\/p>\n

    – Kritik (Safety\/Trip), Y\u00fcksek (Equipment protection), Orta (Operational), D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck (Advisory) s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131; renk\/etiket standard\u0131; ack zorunlulu\u011fu [2][1].<\/p>\n

    Ad\u0131m 2 \u2014 Alarm rasyonalizasyonu (Master Alarm Database)<\/p>\n

    Her alarm i\u00e7in \u015fu alanlar\u0131 doldurun: tag, ko\u015ful, ama\u00e7, olas\u0131 nedenler, operat\u00f6r eylemi, beklenen s\u00fcre, \u00f6ncelik, deadband\/delay, bast\u0131rma ko\u015fullar\u0131 [2][9].<\/p>\n

    Ad\u0131m 3 \u2014 \u00dc\u00e7 katmanl\u0131 alarm \u00fcretimi<\/p>\n

    (A) E\u015fik alarmlar\u0131<\/p>\n

    – Titre\u015fim HH: RMS > X mm\/s ve on-delay 30 s (k\u0131sa spike\u2019lar\u0131 ele)<\/p>\n

    – Yatak s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 HH: T > Y \u00b0C ve off-delay 60 s (histerezis)<\/p>\n

    – Ya\u011f bas\u0131nc\u0131 LL: P < Z bar (kritik; h\u0131zl\u0131)<\/p>\n

    (B) Trend alarmlar\u0131 (erken uyar\u0131)<\/p>\n

    – Titre\u015fim art\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131: d(RMS)\/dt > a e\u015fi\u011fi (10 dk pencerede)<\/p>\n

    – S\u0131cakl\u0131k trendi: 20 dk\u2019da +\u0394T (i\u015fletme durumuna g\u00f6re dinamik e\u015fik)<\/p>\n

    – Verim sapmas\u0131: (MW \/ debi) oran\u0131 15 dk\u2019da %k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f \u2192 \u201c\u0131zgara t\u0131kanma\/kapak sorunu\u201d olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n

    (C) Anomali alarmlar\u0131 (ba\u011flamsal)<\/p>\n

    – \u00c7oklu de\u011fi\u015fken anomali skoru: [MW, debi, kapak, titre\u015fim, s\u0131cakl\u0131k, ya\u011f bas\u0131nc\u0131] vekt\u00f6r\u00fcnden \u00f6\u011frenilen normal davran\u0131\u015ftan sapma.<\/p>\n

    – E\u015fik: skor > s ve 5 dk kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k \u2192 \u201cAnomali Uyar\u0131s\u0131 (Advisory)\u201d<\/p>\n

    – A\u00e7\u0131klama: en \u00e7ok katk\u0131 veren 3 de\u011fi\u015fken (\u00f6r. titre\u015fim + s\u0131cakl\u0131k + verim)<\/p>\n

    Ad\u0131m 4 \u2014 Alarm seli y\u00f6netimi<\/p>\n

    – Sel tan\u0131m\u0131: 10 dakikada >10 yeni alarm \u2192 \u201cAlarm seli modu\u201d [7]<\/p>\n

    – Sel modunda: d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00f6ncelikli advisory alarmlar\u0131 \u00f6zetle; kritik alarmlar\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

    – \u201cBad actor\u201d alarmlar i\u00e7in otomatik inceleme listesi (haftal\u0131k rapor)<\/p>\n

    Ad\u0131m 5 \u2014 KPI ve s\u00fcrekli iyile\u015ftirme<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    – G\u00fcnl\u00fck\/haftal\u0131k alarm raporu: alarmlar\/saat, ilk 20 g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc alarm, sel olaylar\u0131, ack gecikmeleri [6][7].<\/p>\n

    – De\u011fi\u015fiklik y\u00f6netimi: alarm limitleri ve bast\u0131rma kurallar\u0131 \u201cMOC\u201d s\u00fcreciyle g\u00fcncellenir [2].<\/p>\n

    Teknik Not: Alarm Ya\u015fam D\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc (ISA-18.2 \/ IEC 62682)<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Alarm Felsefesi \u2192 standartlar, hedef KPI, roller<\/li>\n
    • Tan\u0131mlama \u2192 alarm aday havuzu<\/li>\n
    • Rasyonalizasyon \u2192 gereksiz alarmlar\u0131 ele, \u00f6ncelik\/aksiyon yaz<\/li>\n
    • Uygulama \u2192 HMI + mant\u0131k + test<\/li>\n
    • \u0130zleme & De\u011ferlendirme \u2192 KPI, bad actor, sel analizi<\/li>\n
    • De\u011fi\u015fiklik Y\u00f6netimi & Denetim \u2192 s\u00fcrekli iyile\u015ftirme<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      (Kaynak: [1][2][6])<\/p>\n

      Risk Kutusu: SCADA Alarm Tasar\u0131m\u0131nda En S\u0131k Hatalar<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Her event\u2019i alarm yapmak (alarm \u015fi\u015fmesi)<\/li>\n
      2. Deadband\/delay olmadan limit koymak (titre\u015fimli sahte alarmlar)<\/li>\n
      3. Operat\u00f6r eylemi yazmamak (\u201cne yapay\u0131m?\u201d belirsizli\u011fi)<\/li>\n
      4. Alarm \u00f6nceliklerini rastgele da\u011f\u0131tmak<\/li>\n
      5. KPI izlememek (sistem zamanla bozulur)<\/li>\n
      6. HMI tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ihmal etmek (ISA-101 ilkeleriyle uyumsuz ekranlar) [5]<\/li>\n
      7. Anomali modelini \u201ctek seferlik\u201d kurmak (drift ve g\u00fcven kayb\u0131) [3][11]<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Alarm Selini Azaltman\u0131n 7 Kural\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

        1) Alarm \u2260 Event: Aksiyon gerektirmiyorsa alarm de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

        2) Deadband + delay olmadan limit koyma.<\/p>\n

        3) Duruma ba\u011fl\u0131 alarm (startup\/maintenance) tasarla.<\/p>\n

        4) Trend alarmlar\u0131yla erken uyar\u0131 ekle.<\/p>\n

        5) Anomaliyi \u201cadvisory + a\u00e7\u0131klama\u201d olarak konumland\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        6) KPI\u2019larla izle: alarmlar\/saat, bad actor, sel.<\/p>\n

        7) MOC (de\u011fi\u015fiklik y\u00f6netimi) ile s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir k\u0131l.<\/p>\n

        (Kaynak dayana\u011f\u0131: [1][2][6][7][11])<\/p>\n

        Hydrowise \/ Renewasoft Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131: \u201cSahada \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r\u201d Alarm Tasar\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Bu noktada as\u0131l soru \u015fudur: \u201cBu prensipleri hayata ge\u00e7irirken, veri ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve operasyonel s\u00fcre\u00e7 nas\u0131l y\u00f6netilecek?\u201d Hydrowise\/Renewasoft perspektifinde etkili bir alarm y\u00f6netimi mimarisi \u00fc\u00e7 katmanda ele al\u0131nabilir:<\/p>\n

        1) Veri katman\u0131: G\u00fcvenli ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir telemetri<\/strong><\/p>\n

        – SCADA\u2019dan zaman serisi veri toplama (MW, debi, kapak, titre\u015fim, s\u0131cakl\u0131k vb.)<\/p>\n

        – Zaman damgas\u0131 senkronizasyonu (NTP\/PTP) ve veri kalitesi kontrolleri<\/p>\n

        – OT g\u00fcvenli\u011fi gereksinimleri (segmentasyon, kay\u0131t\/izleme, yetkilendirme) ile uyum [11]<\/p>\n

        2) Analitik katman: Kural + istatistik + ML hibriti<\/strong><\/p>\n

        – Kural motoru: e\u015fik ve trend alarmlar\u0131 (konfig\u00fcre edilebilir)<\/p>\n

        – Anomali servisi: \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fkenli skor \u00fcretimi; drift izleme; a\u00e7\u0131klama \u00fcretimi (feature contribution)<\/p>\n

        – Alarm korelasyonu: ayn\u0131 k\u00f6k nedenden gelen alarm k\u00fcmeleri (operat\u00f6r y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc azalt\u0131r)<\/p>\n

        3) Operasyon katman\u0131: Alarm felsefesi, KPI ve de\u011fi\u015fiklik y\u00f6netimi<\/strong><\/p>\n

        – \u201cMaster Alarm Database\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla rasyonalizasyon \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n tek merkezde y\u00f6netimi [2][9]<\/p>\n

        – KPI paneli: alarmlar\/saat, sel olaylar\u0131, bad actor listesi [6][7]<\/p>\n

        – MOC s\u00fcreci: limit g\u00fcncelleme, bast\u0131rma kural\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimi, versiyon takibi [2]<\/p>\n

        \u0130\u00e7 link \u00f6nerileri (site i\u00e7i):<\/p>\n

        – \/hydrowise\/scada-entegrasyonu<\/p>\n

        – \/hydrowise\/gercek-zamanli-izleme<\/p>\n

        – \/hydrowise\/predictive-maintenance<\/p>\n

        – \/renewasoft\/ot-guvenligi<\/p>\n

        D\u0131\u015f link (otorite kaynak):<\/p>\n

        – NIST OT g\u00fcvenli\u011fi rehberi (SP 800-82r3) [11]<\/p>\n

        – IEC 62682 alarm y\u00f6netimi standard\u0131 sayfas\u0131 [1]<\/p>\n

        S\u0131k Sorulan Sorular (FAQ)<\/strong><\/p>\n

        1) Ka\u00e7 alarm \u201cfazla\u201d say\u0131l\u0131r?<\/p>\n

        Tek bir say\u0131 her tesise uymaz; ancak ISA-18.2 ve end\u00fcstri pratikleri KPI\u2019larla (alarmlar\/saat, sel tan\u0131m\u0131) y\u00f6netimi \u00f6nerir [6][7].<\/p>\n

        2) E\u015fik alarmlar\u0131 m\u0131, anomali mi daha iyi?<\/p>\n

        \u0130kisi rakip de\u011fil tamamlay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. E\u015fik \u201cg\u00fcvenlik\/koruma\u201d, trend \u201cerken uyar\u0131\u201d, anomali \u201ckarma\u015f\u0131k sapma\u201d i\u00e7in uygundur [2][3].<\/p>\n

        3) Yanl\u0131\u015f pozitifleri nas\u0131l azalt\u0131r\u0131m?<\/p>\n

        Deadband\/delay, duruma ba\u011fl\u0131 bast\u0131rma, trend penceresi optimizasyonu ve anomali skorunun kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k \u015fart\u0131 gibi y\u00f6ntemler birlikte kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r [2][9].<\/p>\n

        4) Alarm seli oldu\u011funda ne yapmal\u0131?<\/p>\n

        \u00d6nce tan\u0131m ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm (10 dk\u2019da >10 alarm gibi), ard\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00f6ncelikleri \u00f6zetleme\/bast\u0131rma ve bad actor iyile\u015ftirmesi gerekir [7][6].<\/p>\n

        5) Alarm rasyonalizasyonu pratikte nas\u0131l yap\u0131l\u0131r?<\/p>\n

        Bir at\u00f6lye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla (operat\u00f6r + bak\u0131m + proses + otomasyon) her alarm\u0131n \u201cama\u00e7\u2013neden\u2013aksiyon\u201d \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fc yaz\u0131l\u0131r; sonu\u00e7 Master Alarm Database olur [2][9].<\/p>\n

        6) Anomali modeli ne s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00fcncellenmeli?<\/p>\n

        S\u00fcre\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fimine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r; drift izleme ve periyodik yeniden e\u011fitim plan\u0131 gerekir [3][11].<\/p>\n

        7) HMI tasar\u0131m\u0131 alarm performans\u0131n\u0131 etkiler mi?<\/p>\n

        Evet. ISA-101, kullan\u0131labilirlik ve performans odakl\u0131 HMI yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6nerir; alarm\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve operat\u00f6r y\u00fck\u00fcyle do\u011frudan ili\u015fkilidir [5].<\/p>\n

        Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

        SCADA alarm \u00fcretimi; limit koymaktan \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131d\u0131r: ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla (felsefe \u2192 rasyonalizasyon \u2192 KPI \u2192 MOC) y\u00f6netilmezse, alarmlar zamanla g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. HES\u2019lerde bu g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc; \u00fcretim kayb\u0131, ekipman hasar\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenlik riskini b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcr. En etkili sonu\u00e7, e\u015fik + trend + anomali yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n operat\u00f6r ergonomisi ve performans KPI\u2019lar\u0131 ile birlikte tasarlanmas\u0131yla al\u0131n\u0131r [1][2][5][6].<\/p>\n

        Uygulanabilir bir sonraki ad\u0131m:<\/p>\n

        1) Mevcut alarm envanterinizi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n (1 haftal\u0131k KPI raporu).<\/p>\n

        2) \u0130lk 20 bad actor alarm\u0131 se\u00e7in ve rasyonalizasyon at\u00f6lyesi yap\u0131n.<\/p>\n

        3) 1 kritik ekipman i\u00e7in (\u00f6r. t\u00fcrbin rulman) trend alarm\u0131 ekleyin.<\/p>\n

        4) Anomaliyi \u201cadvisory + a\u00e7\u0131klama\u201d olarak pilot ba\u015flat\u0131n.<\/p>\n

        5) Hydrowise ile KPI paneli + MOC s\u00fcrecini devreye al\u0131n.<\/p>\n

        Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n

        [1] International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). IEC 62682:2014 \u2014 Management of alarm systems for the process industries. 2014. (https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/en\/publication\/7363) Eri\u015fim: 2026-02-22<\/p>\n

        [2] International Society of Automation (ISA). Understanding and Applying the ANSI\/ISA 18.2 Alarm Management Standard (PAS). (PDF). (https:\/\/www.isa.org\/getmedia\/55b4210e-6cb2-4de4-89f8-2b5b6b46d954\/PAS-Understanding-ISA-18-2.pdf) Eri\u015fim: 2026-02-22<\/p>\n

        [3] Chandola, V., Banerjee, A., & Kumar, V. Anomaly Detection: A Survey. ACM Computing Surveys, 41(3). 2009. (https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1541880.1541882) Eri\u015fim: 2026-02-22<\/p>\n

        [4] Chandola, V. et al. Anomaly Detection: A Survey (technical report PDF). 2009. (https:\/\/cucis.ece.northwestern.edu\/projects\/DMS\/publications\/AnomalyDetection.pdf) Eri\u015fim: 2026-02-22<\/p>\n

        [5] International Society of Automation (ISA). ISA-101 Series of Standards (HMI usability and performance). (https:\/\/www.isa.org\/standards-and-publications\/isa-standards\/isa-101-standards) Eri\u015fim: 2026-02-22<\/p>\n

        [6] Yokogawa. Implementing Alarm Management per the ANSI\/ISA-18.2 Standard (Control Engineering). (https:\/\/www.yokogawa.com\/tr\/library\/resources\/media-publications\/implementing-alarm-management-per-the-ansi-isa-182-standard-control-engineering\/) Eri\u015fim: 2026-02-22<\/p>\n

        [7] Emerson. Alarm Management By the Numbers (EEMUA-191 metrics). (PDF). (https:\/\/www.emerson.com\/documents\/automation\/article-alarm-management-by-numbers-deltav-en-38292.pdf) Eri\u015fim: 2026-02-22<\/p>\n

        [8] Besuijen, R. et al. Impact of alarm management and automation on abnormal operations: A human-in-the-loop simulation study. 2023. Eri\u015fim: 2026-02-22<\/p>\n

        [9] Emerson. Alarm Rationalization \u2014 White Paper. (PDF). (https:\/\/www.emerson.com\/documents\/automation\/white-paper-alarm-rationalization-deltav-en-56654.pdf) Eri\u015fim: 2026-02-22<\/p>\n

        [10] Zhao, X. et al. Anomaly Detection Approach in Industrial Control Systems Based on Measurement Data. Information, 13(10), 450. 2022. (https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/13\/10\/450) Eri\u015fim: 2026-02-22<\/p>\n

        [11] Stouffer, K. et al. NIST SP 800-82 Rev. 3 \u2014 Guide to Operational Technology (OT) Security. 2023. (https:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/pubs\/sp\/800\/82\/r3\/final) Eri\u015fim: 2026-02-22[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        [vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]Ger\u00e7ek Zamanl\u0131 \u0130zleme: SCADA\u2019da Alarm \u00dcretimi Nas\u0131l Tasarlan\u0131r? (E\u015fik, Trend ve Anomali Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131) Enerji tesislerinde (\u00f6zellikle HES\u2019lerde) ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 izleme dendi\u011finde, \u00e7o\u011fu ekip \u00f6nce \u201cekranda veri ak\u0131yor mu?\u201d sorusunu sorar. Oysa operasyonel de\u011fer, verinin akmas\u0131ndan de\u011fil; operat\u00f6r\u00fcn do\u011fru anda do\u011fru \u015feyi g\u00f6rmesinden do\u011far. Bu da alarm tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, yani \u201changi ko\u015fulda neyi alarm sayaca\u011f\u0131z ve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":3342,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[58,1861,60,1857,1873],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3186","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-akilli-sebekeler-enerji-yonetimi","category-ariza-yonetimi-is-degeri","category-endustri-4-enerji-otomasyonu","category-enerji-piyasasi-epias-karar-destek","category-scada-iot-ve-veri-mimari"],"yoast_head":"\nGer\u00e7ek Zamanl\u0131 \u0130zleme: SCADA\u2019da Alarm \u00dcretimi Nas\u0131l Tasarlan\u0131r? (E\u015fik, Trend ve Anomali Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131) - Renewasoft Enerji ve Yaz\u0131l\u0131m A.\u015e<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/renewasoft.com.tr\/index.php\/tr\/2026\/02\/26\/gercek-zamanli-izleme-scadada-alarm-uretimi-nasil-tasarlanir-esik-trend-ve-anomali-yaklasimi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ger\u00e7ek Zamanl\u0131 \u0130zleme: SCADA\u2019da Alarm \u00dcretimi Nas\u0131l Tasarlan\u0131r? (E\u015fik, Trend ve Anomali Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131) - Renewasoft Enerji ve Yaz\u0131l\u0131m A.\u015e\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]Ger\u00e7ek Zamanl\u0131 \u0130zleme: SCADA\u2019da Alarm \u00dcretimi Nas\u0131l Tasarlan\u0131r? 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